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A top European Central Bank official has publicly discussed the reasons for his surprise resignation, saying he is not satisfied with the direction Europe’s currency union has taken.

Juergen Stark said in an interview in Monday’s edition of Germany’s Wirtschaftswoche magazine that the ECB had done its job by keeping inflation under control across the eurozone, which it does through adjusting interest rates.

But he said some governments had tolerated excessive wage costs and unsustainable real estate booms that preceded today’s debt crisis.

Stark is leaving at the end of the year, 2 1/2 years before the end of his eight-year term on the bank’s six-member executive board. The council runs the bank day-to-day at its Frankfurt heaquarters, while interest rate decisions are taken by the broader 23-member government council, on which Stark also sits.

Stark was quoted as saying that “there is a broad theme that serves as the reason for this: that I am not satisfied with the way this currency union has developed.”

Stark said the ECB had done its part by keeping inflation under control but could not be expected to clean up policy mistakes by individual governments that ran up too much debt or let their economies become uncompetitive through high labor costs.

“Don’t overburden the central bank,” he said.

He said governments should have avoided financial trouble by reining in labor costs. Stark was quoted as saying governments also failed to rein in excessive real estate booms that collapsed and contributed to the eurozone debt crisis. He didn’t mention individual countries but wage costs rose in Greece, hampering the economy and state finances, and Ireland and Spain had debt-fueled real estate booms that collapsed.

The ECB earlier said Stark was leaving at year-end for personal reasons.

Analysts have said he appears to have left because of opposition to the European Central Bank’s program to buy government bonds. But Stark was not quoted in the interview as mentioning the bond purchase program.

The purchases lower the borrowing costs faced by indebted governments such as Italy and Spain. High borrowing costs are threatening to leave them unable to be able to borrow anew to pay off bonds that are maturing, resulting in a disastrous default that would shake the eurozone and global economy.

The bank and its President Mario Draghi have said the program is limited and only aimed at steering interest rates, and that governments must reform their finances and not wait for a central bank bailout.

Stark repeated his longstanding opposition to calls for the ECB to sharply increase the bond purchases through its power to create new money. He said that would violate the prohibition in the EU treaty on the ECB using its monetary powers to finance governments, although it is a step that the U.S. Federal Reserve has been allowed to take.

Stark dismissed calls by “real or self-styled experts” to use the “big bazooka” of printing money. “It is a fundamental arrangmenet of a currency union that the monetary financing of state debts through the ECB is not permitted,” he said.

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Questioned by senators he once served with, Jon Corzine told a panel Tuesday that he never told anyone to “misuse” customer money that vanished when MF Global collapsed this fall.

An estimated $1.2 billion in client funds are missing. Senators are demanding that Corzine and two other executives at the securities firm explain who authorized the transfer of money in the days before the firm collapsed in the eighth-largest bankruptcy in U.S. history.

“I never gave any instruction to anyone at MF Global to misuse customer funds,” Corzine testified at a hearing of the Senate Agriculture Committee on Tuesday.”

Corzine, a former Democratic New Jersey senator and governor, resigned as CEO of the securities firm last month.

Bradley Abelow, the firm’s president and chief operating officer, and Henri Steenkamp, the chief financial officer, also tried to distance themselves from any decision to transfer the money at the hearing.

Brokers are required to keep client money separate from company funds.

“Funds don’t simply disappear. Someone took action, whether legal or illegal, to move that money. And the effect of that decision is being felt across the countryside,” said Kansas Sen. Pat Roberts, the committee’s top Republican.

Roberts said MF Global violated “a sacred rule of the futures industry,” keeping customer funds separate from the firm’s _ and that it was the first time that had happened. “You don’t break the glass in regards to segregated funds.”

All three witnesses said they don’t know where the money is. Yet their phrasing varied in subtle ways that could have legal distinctions.

Corzine said he did not direct anyone to “misuse” the money.

Abelow said he does not recall “any conversation about customer funds being used for anything other than their intended purpose.”

Steenkamp’s stance was more sweeping. He said he did not “authorize, approve or know of any transfers of customer funds” out of their accounts.

Depending on the circumstances, transferring money from customers’ accounts could violate securities laws and, in some cases, could amount to a crime. Federal authorities have begun criminal investigations. And regulators are looking into whether the firm broke securities rules.

The executives said that given what is now known, they wouldn’t have signed the firm’s last quarterly financial statement attesting that its internal financial controls were adequate.

Under a 2002 anti-corporate-fraud law that Corzine co-wrote as a U.S. senator, the top executives of public companies must personally certify the accuracy of their company’s financial statements. It can be a violation of the law for executives to sign a false statement.

MF Global collapsed into the eighth-largest bankruptcy in U.S. history after a disastrous bet on European debt.

The three executives say that they didn’t become aware of the shortfall until hours before the firm filed for bankruptcy protection on Oct. 31.

Tuesday’s hearing included an added element of intrigue because Corzine, a former Democratic senator from New Jersey, was pressed by some senators he served with from 2000 through 2005.

The Senate panel is one of three congressional committees to have issued subpoenas to compel Corzine’s testimony on the issue. It marked the first time a former senator has been subpoenaed by his former peers in more than 100 years, according to the Senate historian’s office.

Many lawmakers have heard from farmers, ranchers and small business owners in their states who are missing money that was deposited with the firm. Agricultural businesses use brokerage firms like MF Global to help reduce their risks in an industry vulnerable to swings in oil, corn and other commodity prices.

Corzine told lawmakers last week that he never intended to authorize the transfer of funds from customer accounts. If any subordinates moved clients’ money in the belief that Corzine had authorized it, “it was a misunderstanding,” he said.

Corzine, Steenkamp and Abelow have been sued in class-action complaints on behalf of MF Global shareholders. The lawsuits accuse the executives of making false and misleading statements about MF Global’s financial strength and cash balances.

MF Global didn’t list the European debt on its balance sheet for all to see. Instead, those holdings were shifted to the company’s “off-balance sheet,” deep in its financial statements. Some separate filings with regulators excluded the European debt entirely.

A lawyer for the trustee overseeing the liquidation of MF Global’s brokerage operations said in court Friday that the trustee’s staff has discovered some “suspicious” trades in MF Global customer accounts that were made in the last days before the firm failed. The lawyer didn’t provide details.

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Asian stock markets rose Monday as investors cheered a new European fiscal pact aimed at fixing the region’s debt crisis and preventing a collapse of the euro currency.

Japan’s Nikkei 225 index jumped 1.5 percent to 8,665.76. South Korea’s Kospi added 1.2 percent to 1,896.35 and Hong Kong’s Hang Seng gained 1.6 percent to 18,874.22.

Under the deal reached Friday, all 17 countries that use the euro agreed to allow a central European authority to oversee their future budgets. They also agreed to automatic penalties if they spend too much.

In addition to tighter controls on spending, Europe’s new “fiscal compact” calls for the launch of a permanent bailout fund for euro nations in 2012, a year ahead of schedule. The deal also will send 200 billion euros ($267 billion) to the International Monetary Fund, which controls another emergency fund for countries in crisis.

But the deal won’t help cut debt today, which in Italy, Greece and Spain has driven government borrowing costs close to levels considered unsustainable installment payday loans. That loose end brought into focus the future monetary policy of the European Central Bank, and whether it would be willing to buy enough national bonds from troubled countries to keep interest rates down.

Analysts at Credit Agricole CIB said “the lack of ECB action in terms of stepping up to the plate as lender of the last resort” still weighed on investment sentiment.

There were also doubts about the willingness of each individual country to ratify the agreement.

Benchmark oil for January delivery was down 7 cents to $99.34 per barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract rose $1.07 to finish at $99.41 per barrel on the Nymex on Friday.

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New polymer banknotes demand that all money-handling machines in the country be upgraded at a cost of $75-100 million, the Bank of Canada estimates.

That compares to $20-30 million for the last conversion in 2004-2006, bank spokesperson Julie Girard said Tuesday.

Robert Deluce is the president and chief executive officer of Porter Airlines. In our series on the financial habits of notable Canadians, Deluce told the Toronto Star’s Emily Mathieu what he learned working at his family’s hunting and fishing charter business, the significance of a 1956 Oldsmobile and why, when it comes to purchases and sales, almost everything is negotiable.s

How did your family influence your attitude toward money?

My family is very entrepreneurial, so I’ve always looked at finances from a business perspective. Whether as an individual or a household it’s important to understand your revenue streams and expenses, and to look for quality and value when making decisions about how to spend money wisely.

What is the best financial advice you ever received?

I’ve always had to earn my own money. Even though I was involved in a family business, there was no free ride for me or my eight siblings. My parents always made sure that we were compensated for the work we did. I appreciate the value of money because of this.

What lessons did you take away from your first job?

My parents started a hunting and fishing charter business in 1951 in Northern Ontario called White River Air Services. I later boarded as a student at St. Michael’s College School in Toronto and worked at the family business when I went home during summer holidays. I would pump gas, load aircraft and do other odd jobs while learning the ropes as a teenager. I didn’t realize it at the time, but that was my apprenticeship for running a business, and an airline in particular.

What was the first item you purchased with your own money?

The first item of any significance was the purchase of an old 1956 Oldsmobile from my grandfather for $500. This was in 1968 while I was attending McGill University.

What has been your savviest investment?

The purchase of a home in 1987 from an investment banker on the day after the stock market tumbled. After doing a really light “freshen up” renovation, which consisted primarily of interior paint, we resold the house six months later for about $400,000 more than we had paid for it.

What is your worst spending habit?

Like many people, my morning coffee is a habit that adds up. Of course, I have to have the premium drinks, which makes it worse.

How do you prefer to pay, cash, card or debit?

Credit card. It helps me keep track of expenses and I always pay the full balance every month. Cash is my back up. I never use debit cards.

What hard financial lessons have you learned?

Never leave yourself with only one supplier; you must have choice and some tension to ensure value.

What is your best money-saving advice?

Everything is negotiable. Rarely should you pay the sticker price for a product or service. You can get a better price simply by asking, comparing suppliers, buying in larger quantities or employing other strategies. Sometimes you can negotiate more value by having upgrades or bonus items included in the cost. If you’re somewhere, like in a grocery store, where this doesn’t usually apply, you can still save money by planning ahead and buying staple items when they’re on sale before you absolutely need them and have no choice but to pay the going rate that day. Never be in a hurry to conclude the transaction. And if you are buying a car, absolutely do not ask for a certain colour as your first item of discussion.

Are there any money saving tips you can pass on to travellers?

It’s important to know what you’re getting for your ticket when flying. You can usually choose from various fare types and each one gives you different benefits. Buying the lowest fare usually means you’ll have to pay extra to make changes later on, but you save upfront. A premium fare has things like this built into the upfront price. You should purchase according to your needs and be aware of fees if they’re required for baggage, seat selection, etc. We try to offer real value at Porter by including certain amenities that other airlines either don’t offer or make you pay for.

Do you worry about retirement?

I don’t plan on retiring anytime soon, but I do have a financial plan.

Are money and success the same thing?

I don’t think so. There are a lot of ways to make money, but success is something that you earn. Most successful people also have a sense of accomplishment. This may come from building a business or contributing to a cause where there is also benefit to others, not just you. Often this has nothing to do with making money or your total net worth.

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Leaders from across Latin America and the Caribbean pledged closer ties to safeguard their economies from the world financial crisis as they formed a new bloc on Saturday including every nation in the hemisphere except the U.S. and Canada.

Several presidents stressed during the two-day summit that they hope to ride out turbulent times by boosting local industries and increasing trade within the region.

“It seems it’s a terminal, structural crisis of capitalism,” Bolivian President Evo Morales said in a speech Saturday. “I feel we’re meeting at a good moment to debate … the great unity of the countries of America, without the United States.”

Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez and some of his closest allies called the new regional bloc a tool for opposing U.S. influence. But other leaders focused more on economic concerns and on working together to confront issues such as drug trafficking and the effects of climate change.

Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff said that if the nations are to keep thriving they will need to look more to their neighbors.

“The economic, financial crisis should be at the center of our concerns,” Rousseff said Friday night. She said Latin America should “realize that to guarantee its current cycle of development despite the international economic turbulence, it means that every politician must be aware that each one needs the others.”

The region has so far weathered the economic woes better than the U.S. or Europe, achieving economic growth of more than 5 percent last year.

Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos said the region has immense potential “in this world that’s going through great uncertainty, where there’s a hurricane that’s hitting the so-called industrialized economies hard.” He said Colombia’s current trade with Brazil, for instance, is minimal and could grow significantly.

Chavez read aloud a letter from Chinese President Hu Jintao congratulating the leaders on forming a new 33-nation regional bloc, the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. Hu pledged to deepen cooperation with the new group.

The U.S. remains the top trading partner of many countries in the region, with exceptions including Brazil and Chile, where China has become the biggest trading partner. China has also made diplomatic inroads, including by granting about $38 billion in loans to Venezuela in exchange for increasing shipments of oil.

Chilean President Sebastian Pinera touted the region’s opportunities for growth, while Argentine President Cristina Fernandez said building trade among the countries should be a priority.

Bolivia’s Morales took a different focus, strongly criticizing the International Monetary Fund and saying “they’ve just pillaged us and led us to poverty.”

Morales also appealed for strong steps at this month’s climate change conference in South Africa, saying it’s critical that developed nations renew pledges to cut greenhouse gas emissions under the 1997 Kyoto Protocol.

“If they kill the protocol, they kill the planet,” Morales said.

Trinidad and Tobago’s prime minister, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, also expressed concerns about changing weather patterns and said nations should work together to better plan for disasters.

Several leaders called for closer cooperation to fight criminals and drug trafficking.

“Our region is seriously threatened by organized crime,” Guatemalan President Alvaro Colom said.

Colombia’s Santos said the new bloc could help in re-examining whether current counter-drug efforts are the right approach.

Caribbean leaders including Haitian President Michel Martelly thanked Chavez for selling their nations oil on preferential terms, including long-term, low interest loans.

“The people of Haiti love you with all their hearts,” Martelly told Chavez during his speech, saying “south-south cooperation” is key to the future of his impoverished country.

Chavez assured leaders he will survive cancer, reiterating that he underwent recent tests in Cuba after finishing chemotherapy and they found no “malignant cells in any part of my body, thanks to God.”

Trinidad’s prime minister gave Chavez a vial of what she described as holy water, and Chavez thanked her, saying “soon we will have a summit of those of us who’ve beaten cancer.”

Venezuela’s government celebrated the gathering at a Caracas military base with bursts of fireworks that could be heard from the session. Other events included an orchestral performance led by Venezuelan conductor Gustavo Dudamel and a post-summit concert headlined by Puerto Rican hip-hop duo Calle 13.

The leaders planned to formally launch the new bloc known by its Spanish initials CELAC on Saturday by approving the group’s procedural rules as well as a clause dealing with democratic norms and a declaration of shared principles.

Both Chavez and Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa said they hope the bloc eventually overshadows the importance of the Washington-based Organization of American States. Unlike the OAS, the new group will have Cuba as a full member and exclude the U.S. and Canada.

“We need a new inter-American system and, more specifically, a new system to guarantee human rights,” Correa said Friday, referring to the Washington-based Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which has received complaints from Ecuadorean newspapers and television channels that accuse his government of trying to silence critics.

“All these attacks and threats are made in the name of freedom of expression,” Correa added, accusing powerful media outlets of manipulating public opinion.

Several other presidents said they see CELAC as an important forum to resolve conflicts and build closer ties, but not as an alternative to existing bodies such as the OAS.

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A Greek high court on Friday considered appeals against a deeply resented new property tax that has sparked anger across the country because those who don’t pay it will get their power turned off.

As the case was being heard, hundreds of protesters outside the Council of State in Athens chanted “We won’t pay!”

Inside, court President Panayiotis Pikramenos voiced reservations over the stakes at hand.

“The Council of State has undertaken a burden that is not its own,” he said, opening proceedings. “(The court) will do its duty, but cannot undertake to handle a political problem that has built up over the past few years.”

Greece’s debt-strapped government is seeking to raise some euro2 billion ($2.7 billion) with the new tax. It is among a raft of harsh cutbacks _ including pension and pay cuts and tax hikes _ imposed over the past 20 months to secure international rescue loans to keep the country afloat.

Fourteen appeals have been filed by bar associations, unions, lawyers and property owners. The court will reconvene Jan. 19, with parties submitting written positions and is expected to rule several weeks later.

The tax _ which is paid through household electricity bills _ has meet with strong resistance throughout the austerity-weary country. Several municipalities have urged their citizens not to pay, or threatened power suppliers with lawsuits if they disconnect clients who can’t afford the emergency levy.

Prime Minister Lucas Papademos insisted Friday the tax can’t be scrapped as it will provide the state coffers with vital revenues guaranteed approval cash advance loans.

He told Parliament that his interim coalition government will ease payment terms for disadvantaged householders, including long-term jobless, in a country where unemployment has risen to record levels amid a deep recession.

“I too do not consider it right for citizens who objectively cannot pay the property levy to have their power cut off,” Papademos said. “I believe these arrangements will address many of the issues that have arisen. But the measure itself cannot be abolished, as it is necessary for our process of fiscal adjustment.”

Later Friday, lawmakers will start debating the 2012 austerity budget, which seeks to reduce government overspending to 5.4 percent of annual output _ from an estimated 9 percent this year.

Next year’s figure factors in 50 percent writedowns on the value of Greek bonds held by private creditors as part of a second international bailout for Greece, after a first euro110 billion ($148 billion) deal in May 2010 proved insufficient.

Former central banker Papademos was appointed last month to head a coalition government to push through financial reforms. The interim government is expected to call early elections in late February.

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Stocks soared in morning trading Wednesday after major central banks acted together to support the global financial system by cutting short-term borrowing rates.

The Dow Jones industrial average jumped more than 400 points in early trading Wednesday, and was up 392 hour after the opening bell.

Markets in Europe also surged. Germany’s DAX index jumped 4.9 percent. The euro and commodities prices rose sharply. U.S. Treasury prices fell as demand weakened for ultra-safe assets.

The central banks of Europe, the U.S., Britain, Canada, Japan and Switzerland eased banks’ access to dollars by reducing their borrowing rates. They were responding to fears that a European country will default, touching off a credit crunch similar to what followed the 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers.

Borrowing rates for European nations have skyrocketed on concerns that the European debt crisis has engulfed nations such as Italy which are too big to bail out. Borrowing rates for Italy, Spain and others have soared.

Banks need dollars to fund their daily operations. Their access dried up as U.S. money market funds reduced their lending to European banks.

The central banks’ action takes some pressure off the financial system, which has signaled in recent days that banks are losing faith in their trading partners. Banks need to trust each other to maintain healthy flows of credit and keep the system working.

The Dow Jones industrial average leaped 392 points, or 3.4 percent, to 11,948 at 10:20 a.m. Over the past three days the Dow has gained back all of the 564-point loss it had over Thanksgiving week.

The Standard & Poor’s 500 index jumped 39, or 3.2 percent, to 1,234. The Nasdaq composite index gained 78, or 3.1 percent, to 2,594.

The move by central banks does not address the fundamental problem posed by heavily indebted European nations. European finance ministers in Brussels have been meeting since Tuesday but have failed to deliver a clearer sense of how the currency union will proceed.

Investor sentiment was also lifted by China’s move to reduce bank reserve levels Wednesday to release money for lending and help shore up slowing growth. Higher growth in China could be crucial for a global economy that’s suffering in the wake of European debt crisis.

Beijing announced that the amount of money China’s commercial lenders must hold in reserve will be cut by 0.5 percent of their deposits, effective Dec. 5. It was the first easing of monetary policy in three years and analysts are expecting more.

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